La dialettica tra componenti ideali e materiali delinea in maniera evidente un oggetto medioevo che esiste solo come oggetto mentale, intenzionale, e per questo si presta a ogni possibile distorsione.

This article analyses the evolutionist discourses on the senses that emerged in the late 19th century, when theories on the evolution of species were in full sway. Drawing on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this article aims to set face to face the two currents of thought that I have identified regarding sensory evolution: the one that stressed the value of the progressive specialisation of the senses as evidence for human evolution mainly supported by Max Nordau, and the one which (...) regarded the sensory regrouping, exemplified by the phenomenon of synaesthesia, as the true symptom of evolution, strongly supported by Victor Segalen. A close examination of their arguments will provide clues concerning their relative position vis-à-vis the theory that stressed the exceptional nature of humankind among all living beings. Based on newspapers, essays and medical literature, this paper, which straddles several fields (history of science, philosophy, cultural history and aesthetics) aims to set both positions face to face, examining their arguments in detail and establishing their genealogies. This will lead to a better understanding of the scope and range of evolutionist discourses in the fin de siècle culture and on their impact upon artistic practices. (shrink)

This article describes the Ethics and Citizenship Program, a moral education project developed by the Brazilian government to promote education in ethics and citizenship in Brazilian fundamental and middle schools through four key themes: ethics, democratic coexistence, human rights and social inclusion. Some findings from a research project that investigated whether such a program did in fact promote the ethical and citizenship awareness of participating students are outlined. As an introduction to the paper's main concerns, the Brazilian socioeconomic context is (...) characterised, followed by a description of the historical background of moral education in Brazil. (shrink)

When and why do we need the indexical ‘I’? Perry (1979) thinks that ‘I’ is an essential ingredient to the explanation and prediction of action. We need ‘I’ to classify the kind of belief that causes an agent to produce a new action. In his view, classifying the agent’s belief in terms of ‘I’ makes sense because, when asked to explain her behavior, the agent will be disposed to say ‘I’. Here, we argue that this dispositional assumption is problematic. The (...) disposition to act according to an essential indexical and the disposition to make a speech act that contains ‘I’ are two very different things that are not always related. The most common circumstances in which we need to say ‘I’ to explain ourselves involve other agents: when we coordinate in joint actions or when we engage in self-talk to save face before the eyes of potential witnesses. Finally, we revisit Perry’s famous messy shopper anecdote to offer a better story about why its main character is disposed to say ‘I’. (shrink)

RESUMO Mudanças políticas têm intensificado os debates sobre como certos discursos estabelecem agendas e influenciam eleitores. Nesse escopo, a Análise Crítica do Discurso e a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, juntamente com o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Avaliatividade, demonstraram ser bem-sucedidas na investigação da ideologia em textos, bem como na abordagem de tópicos como a polarização política. Portanto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a avaliação social da Teoria da Avaliatividade como um dispositivo ideológico e persuasivo nos discursos de nomeação de Clinton e (...) Trump, em 2016. Os resultados enfatizam usos de estratégias retóricas que podem levar os eleitores à preferência de certos conjuntos de valores e crenças. A análise revelou que, naqueles discursos, os candidatos usaram estratégias diferentes para persuadir os eleitores, construindo abordagens discursivas ideológicas negativas e positivas, aplicando a avaliação social como estratégia retórica central. ABSTRACT Political changes have been intensifying debates about how certain discourses set agendas and influence voters. In this scope, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic-Functional Linguistics, and together with the theoretical and methodological framework of Appraisal have proved to be successful in investigating ideology in texts, as well as addressing topics such as political polarization. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the Appraisal’s social evaluation as an ideological and persuasive device in Clinton-Trump nomination speeches in 2016. Outcomes raise awareness over rhetorical strategies that can lead voters to the preference of certain sets of values & beliefs. Results revealed that then-candidates used different strategies to persuade electors by constructing negative and positive ideological discursive approaches by applying social evaluation as a pivotal rhetorical strategy in those speeches. (shrink)

O texto procura reconstruir os principais momentos da crítica de Schelling à chamada teologia ortodoxa de Tübingen. Em sua correspondência com Hegel, bem como em seus textos de juventude, Schelling procura mostrar ao amigo por que essa sua crítica à teologia se liga ao fato de ele ter “se tornado um espinosista”, o que insere o debate na chamada querela do panteísmo, iniciada pelo livro de Jacobi sobre Espinosa. Embora, em sua maior parte, siga o caminho de Fichte na interpretação (...) da obra de Jacobi, Schelling ousa ir além do autor da Doutrina-da-ciência ao igualar Deus ao eu absoluto. (shrink)

O artigo, num primeiro momento, busca contextualizar as condições de surgimento do ensaio Dois poemas de Friedrich Hölderlin, de Benjamin, recorrendo a alguns fatos históricos, como a morte de seu amigo Fritz Heinle e Nobert von Hellingrath. Ligadas ao estopim da Primeira Guerra Mundial, tais mortes representam para Benjamin a morte de toda uma geração de jovens, na qual ele havia depositado toda a esperança de renascimento da cultura alemã. A leitura que faz de Hölderlin, nesse sentido, tem um fim (...) político, ao procurar combater uma interpretação esteticizante de seus poemas, influenciada pelo círculo de Stefan George. Num segundo momento, o artigo aprofunda a leitura do ensaio de Benjamin sobre Hölderlin, buscando definir o conceito de “poetificado” como conceito central de sua crítica de arte, evidenciando em que medida esse conceito lhe serve como contraposição às leituras provenientes do círculo de George, entre elas, a do próprio Hellingrath. (shrink)

In der anonym überlieferten Schrift Masā'il ʻAbdallāh ibn Salām (Die Fragen des ʻAbdallāh ibn Salām), befragt ein jüdischer Gelehrter den Propheten Muḥammad, um herauszufinden, ob dieser ein echter Prophet sei. Die Fragen sind mannigfaltig: Es geht um die Definition des Glaubens, die verschiedenen Arten der Offenbarungen, die Schöpfung der Welt und des Menschen, die Stellung von Mann und Frau in der Welt, die Engel, das Jüngste Gericht. Nachdem Muḥammad alle Fragen korrekt beantwortet hat, nimmt der Gelehrte den Islam an und (...) erhält vom Propheten den neuen Namen ʻAbdallāh ibn Salām (Diener Gottes, Sohn des Friedens).Der Text bietet eine praktische Zusammenfassung islamischer Lehren und volkstümlicher Traditionen und verbreitete sich deshalb sowohl innerhalb als auch ausserhalb der islamischen Welt. Er wurde u.a. ins Persische, Türkische, Urdu, Tamil und Malayische übersetzt. Im 12. Jahrhundert wurde er ausserdem unter dem Titel Doctrina Mahumet ins Lateinische übertragen, die spätere Grundlage für Übersetzungen in europäische Volkssprachen.Ulisse Cecini legt erstmals den arabischen Text in einer kritischen Edition mit deutscher Übersetzung und einer ausführlichen Einleitung zur Geschichte, Bedeutung und Überlieferung des Textes vor. Im Anhang findet man die kritische Edition und die deutsche Übersetzung der lateinischen Version Doctrina Mahumet, verfasst von Reinhold F. Glei und Concetta Finiello. (shrink)

O artigo discute a questão da redução da existência humana à vida natural no pensamento de Hannah Arendt, analisando as práticas totalitárias de exclusão dos apátridas das esferas jurídica e política e a dominação totalitária nos campos de concentração, quando o governo totalitário operou a transformação da vida humana até atingir a aniquilação da liberdade humana e produzir um resíduo antropológico em que os seres humanos foram reduzidos à elementaridade da vida.

This paper seeks to explore the processes involved in becoming a teacher in this particular historical moment of global pandemic in Brazil. What are the challenges, limitations, possibilities and opportunities that the pandemic presents to the process of teaching work and teacher formation? A review of the literature that included contributions from Caponi, Kohan, Larrosa, Neuscharank, Vaz, Arroyo and Abramowicz suggests a dialogue between pedagogic theory, philosophy of education and the contemporary experience of political and social events in the pandemic (...) period The discussions reviewed explore the profound extent to which Covid-19 has affected our way of living, working and relating to others, and the psychological effects of social isolation. The situation demands from the Brazilian teacher an attitude of openness to change, specifically in the use of new technologies, and the extent to which they are or are not able to replace face-to-face interactions. The situation also challenges us to reconstruct, beyond the logic of neoliberalism, our notions of the type of school we have and type of school we want, the type of teachers we are and the type of teacher we want to be. We conclude that this process of thinking school again depends, if it is to escape neoliberal logic, on the capacity of understanding the vocation of the teacher to be one of “becoming-child” in the sense of experiencing an openness to and a desire for the new. As such, the “becoming-teacher” is one who allows herself to be addressed by another logic, another more sensitive and more aesthetic temporality, and who finds, in encounter with others, with art, with childhood, with becoming itself, the capacity to think, to resist, to fight for the realization of that logic. (shrink)

This work has its origin in a master's research about Brazilian Education. The approach that we present in this text reveals the perspectives of caring perceived in a five-year-olds classroom in the daily life in a municipal center for Early Childhood Education in Fortaleza. The theoretical discussions on the theme involved a dialogue between Pedagogy and Philosophy of Education based on the contributions of Kramer, Pagni, Foucault, Rancière, Kohan and Boff. It was a qualitative research of phenomenological inspiration, which method (...) of data creation was participant observation. The analysis revealed that: in the interactions occurred in pedagogical practices, teachers and children take care of each other; the meaning of caring for children can be perceived in the minutia of their daily actions, as well as in affective involvement, in playing together, in speaking and listening to others, in sharing life on a daily basis; as for the meaning of caring for the adults, it is influenced by the way they were cared for, by their subjectivation and their choices in their way of being; caring humanizes teaching practices, inspiring emancipation; the policy on results that has aimed at "improving educational indices" may represent a danger to Early Childhood Education by minimizing the sharing of specific childhood experiences to training in order to achieve expected results. The study emphasized the need to reflect on the meaning of education and therefore proposes that caring be valued as an ethical decision and as an option for reflection on the way of living and interacting. (shrink)

Em Ser e Tempo, Heidegger argumenta que o conhecimento primordial do Dasein se dá no manuseio de entes mundanos. Merleau-Ponty, por sua vez, descreve na Fenomenologia da Percepção que o conhecimento é, antes de tudo, uma intencionalidade corporal intraduzível em termos proposicionais. Mais tarde, em What Computers Can’t Do, Hubert Dreyfus usa a obra de ambos para apontar os equívocos do paradigma cognitivista, isto é, a abordagem dominante do então nascente campo da inteligência artificial. Finalmente, em The Embodied Mind: Cognitive (...) Science and Human Experience, a noção de enativismo - elaborada por Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson e Eleanor Rosch - surge como uma tentativa de tomar do cognitivismo e do conexionismo a hegemonia nas ciências cognitivas. Dito isso, o objetivo do artigo consiste em descrever o enativismo e apontar sua herança fenomenológica. (shrink)

No final da década de 1950, Merleau-Ponty desloca seu foco de investigação da fenomenologia à ontologia. Tal transição envolve a articulação de seus estudos prévios acerca da percepção e da corporeidade com os desdobramentos filosóficos dos postulados da física e da biologia da primeira metade do século. A partir de uma reformulação do conceito de natureza, fomentada não só pelas ciências supracitadas como pela metafísica de Whitehead, Merleau-Ponty propõe a admissão da natureza como um fluxo de expressividade temporal autoprodutora de (...) sentido, incorporando ao âmago do ser a temporalidade e a negatividade antes exclusivas ao para-si. A carne de Merleau-Ponty, como veremos, está em harmonia com a noção de processo de Whitehead, apontando assim um certo hilozoísmo pré-socrático na ontologia de ambos. Dito isso, o objetivo do artigo consiste em examinar a ontologia indireta de Merleau-Ponty, indicando sua convergência com a filosofia de Whitehead para, finalmente, introduzirmos uma crítica incipiente a partir da obra de Francisco Varela. Defende-se aqui que o conceito de autopoiesis pode indicar uma alternativa à noção merleau-pontiana de natureza. (shrink)

O ingresso na universidade acarreta mudanças na vida dos estudantes universitários, fato que pode levar à adoção de hábitos não saudáveis que podem resultar em impactos negativos na saúde e na qualidade de vida (QV) desses jovens. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da prática de Yoga na QV de estudantes universitários participantes do programa de extensão universitária intitulado “Yoga: Awaken ONE”. O estudo caracterizou-se como pré-experimental, do tipo antes e depois. Os participantes foram submetidos (...) a aulas práticas de Yoga duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. As aulas tiveram duração de 60 minutos. Para avaliação da QV pré e pós intervenção foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-bref. No que diz respeito aos Domínios da QV e QV global, não houveram diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis investigadas (p>0,05). Com base nos achados do presente estudo, conclui-se que duas práticas semanais de Yoga não tiveram efeito significativo na QV dos estudantes investigados. Dessa forma, encoraja-se novos estudos com maior tempo de intervenção e com número maior de participantes. (shrink)

The interest in crossmodal correspondences, including those involving sounds and involving tastes, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. However, the mechanisms underlying these correspondences are not well understood. In the present study (N = 302), we used an associative learning paradigm, based on previous literature using simple sounds with no consensual taste associations (i.e., square and triangle wave sounds at 200 Hz) and taste words (i.e., sweet and bitter), to test the influence of two potential mechanisms in establishing sound–taste (...) correspondences and investigate whether either learning mechanism could give rise to new and long‐lasting associations. Specifically, we examined an emotional mediation account (i.e., using sad and happy emoji facial expressions) and a transitive path (i.e., sound‐taste correspondence being mediated by color, using red and black colored squares). The results revealed that the associative learning paradigm mapping the triangle wave tone with a happy emoji facial expression induced a novel crossmodal correspondence between this sound and the word sweet. Importantly, we found that this novel association was still present two months after the experimental learning paradigm. None of the other mappings, emotional or transitive, gave rise to any significant associations between sound and taste. These findings provide evidence that new crossmodal correspondences between sounds and tastes can be created by leveraging the affective connection between both dimensions, helping elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations. Moreover, these findings reveal that these associations can last for several weeks after the experimental session through which they were induced. (shrink)

La filosofía, más que ser una tarea que busca crear e instaurar una teoría absoluta de la verdad, como fue el caso, en la historia de la filosofía misma, del pensamiento cartesiano, el hegeliano,el husserliano, entre otros, es una actividad, es decir, una praxis dialógica que se entiende como introducirse en el medio de un camino que ya otros han recorrido, lo cual presupone, inmediatamente, una concepción de la filosofía como un camino de experiencia siempre abierto. Así, el presente artículo (...) busca analizar el hacer filosófico como una práctica hermenéutica que no sólo se presenta como familiarización con la tradición, la cual se ejemplifica en el texto con la teoría de la reminiscencia platónica, sino también bajo la forma del rompimiento inherente a dicha familiarización. Por tanto, el artículo busca presentar el saber y el hacer filosófico desde una visión hermenéutica, lo que de suyo implica concebirlo como una acción dialógica mediante la cual se estimula el hacer filosófico como recuerdo, es decir, no sólo como mera aprehensión de conceptos e instauración de verdades totalizantes, sino como praxis humana, que es donde la filosofía y, en suma, la experiencia hermenéutica, encuentran su verdadero topos. (shrink)

Resumo: Este estudo objetiva retomar o diálogo efetuado entre a tradição da ontologia hermenêutica heideggeriana e a psicanálise freudiana, a fim de discutir se ele ainda tem lugar na atualidade e, em caso positivo, problematizar como ele tem sido construído. Apesar de existirem muitos argumentos que questionam a possibilidade de articulação entre esses dois campos, eles não encerram consensualmente essa discussão e exigem ser atualizados. No cenário mais recente, algumas pesquisas têm acenado para o estabelecimento de pontos de conexões entre (...) elas, sem, contudo, desconsiderarem a especificidade dos campos teóricos em questão. Essa forma de interlocução parece o grande desafio aos pesquisadores na atualidade.: This study aims to retake the dialogue made between the tradition of the heideggerian hermeneutic ontology and freudian psychoanalysis, in order to discuss whether it still has a place in the actuality and, if so, to problematize how it has been constructed. Despite having a lot of arguments which question the possibility of articulation between both fields, they don't enclose consensually this debate and require an updating. In the last scenario, some researches go towards the establishment of connection points among them, without, however, disregarding the specificity of the theoretical fields in question. This way of interlocution seems the great challenge of the researchers nowadays. (shrink)

A finales del siglo XIX, la economía capitalista y las nuevas formas de consumo que trae implícitas tratando de seducir al individuo urbano con multitud de estímulos suponen un cambio en el modo en que este experimenta la ciudad. Esto conlleva la aparición de nuevas patologías, como la neurastenia, producto de un supuesto exceso de demanda del cerebro. Estos efectos fueron abordados en la época por Georg Simmel, quien se interesó por la reacción que sobre el individuo produce la urbe (...) capitalista ligada a la “intensificación de la vida nerviosa”. En el presente artículo se indaga en la lectura que Simmel plantea de los efectos que la ciudad moderna ejerce en el ciudadano. Me centro particularmente en la cuestión de la saturación de estímulos para tratar de entender no solo cómo creía que la ciudad afectaba al ciudadano en la época sino también el novedoso papel que otorga a la sensibilidad como intermediaria del vínculo entre individuo y ciudad. (shrink)

Drawing on two long-term ethnographic fieldworks with social entrepreneurs, this article starts to uncover the multilayered nature of the motivations underlying the creation of social enterprises. We investigate the following research question: what types of self-oriented motivations might drive social entrepreneurs? Departing from previous research and popular opinion, which foregrounds the primacy of prosocial intentions, we show the critical role played by self-oriented motives. To explain this finding, we advance three analytical categories of self-oriented motives—entrepreneurial lifestyle, repurposing expertise, and solving (...) a social or environmental puzzle. We then illuminate these categories through the illustrative examples of six social entrepreneurs. Based on our findings, we contend that creating a social enterprise can also be the unintended consequence of adopting entrepreneurial behavior, leading to the creation of a venture guided by these three types of self-oriented motivations. Finally, we consider the implications of this study for the field of social entrepreneurship. (shrink)

O artigo mostra a importância da expansão de periódicos no Brasil no contexto da independência, formando redes de comunicação, e os significados que a palavra impressa ganhou nesse momento inicial de formação de um espaço público no qual as discussões políticas tomavam as ruas. O foco são as diversas teias narrativas que podem ser vistas nos próprios periódicos e que revelam suas filiações ideológicas e as significações que atribuem aos seus posicionamentos políticos e à palavra impressa. Do ponto de vista (...) metodológico, percorremos os textos dos jornais para também interpretar as razões de proliferação dos impressos, percebendo nos pormenores indiciais dos escritos os múltiplos sentidos atribuídos à ação de fazer circular publicações. Portanto, o foco central do texto são as teias comunicacionais que emergem, procurando interpretar contextos com base na centralidade do comunicacional. (shrink)

O parágrafo 62 da Crítica do Juízo, cuja função é definir o conceito de conformidade a fins objetiva (objektive Zweckmässigkeit), começa com uma declaração do filósofo segundo a qual todas as figuras geométricas se relacionam com uma conformidade a fins objetiva e admirável. Embora não seja aqui essencial para a definição do princípio dessa conformidade a fins, a afirmação de Kant de que ela é muitas vezes digna de admiração exerce um importante papel para a sua própria definição. O objetivo (...) deste texto é tecer algumas considerações em torno dessa relação entre o princípio estritamente lógico da conformidade a fins e o sentimento em geral, seja de admiração da natureza, ou em todas as suas variações, tais como aparece na sequência do mesmo parágrafo 62: o entusiasmo, a alegria e a estupefação. Embora de antemão se reconheça que tais sentimentos não podem intervir no mecanismo estritamente lógico desse princípio, que, segundo Kant, é transcendental, pretende-se mostrar como o seu uso relaciona-se sempre e de algum modo com um sentimento. Para isso, é preciso mostrar que a afirmação de Kant segundo a qual o juízo teleológico não possui nenhuma relação com o sentimento de prazer e desprazer não implica necessariamente que esse tipo de juízo não possua relação nenhuma como nenhum tipo de sentimento. (shrink)

RESUMO O artigo pretende mostrar como o esforço de Benjamin no sentido de fundar uma nova crítica de arte remonta ao mesmo tempo ao primeiro Romantismo de Iena e à Filosofia de Hegel. Enquanto Hegel proclama o fim da estética e da obra de arte tradicional, os românticos, na figura de F. Schlegel e Novalis, apontam para a continuação de um discurso filosófico da arte que prescinde dos pressupostos tradicionais, utilizando-se de conceitos tais como crítica imanente e médium-de-reflexão. A partir (...) disso, o artigo procura mostrar como essa dupla herança permanece ao longo das principais obras de Benjamin, com destaque para o “Drama trágico alemão” e a obra das “Passagens”, em cujo centro se situa o conceito de montagem. Por fim, recorrendo à influência marxista, o texto esboça algumas consequências políticas dessa crítica de arte que, desenvolvida desde a juventude, permanece nos textos de maturidade. ABSTRACT The article aims to show how Benjamin's effort to found a new art criticism goes back to the first romanticism of Iena and to Hegel's philosophy. While Hegel proclaims the end of aesthetics and of the traditional work of art, the romantics, in the figure of F. Schlegel and Novalis, point to the continuation of a philosophical art discourse that ignores the traditional presuppositions, using concepts such as immanent criticism and medium-of-reflection. Based on that, this article seeks to show how this double heritage remains throughout the main works of Benjamin, especially the “German Tragic Drama” and the work of the “Passages”, at the center of which is the concept of montage. Finally, resorting to Marxist influence, the text outlines some political consequences of this art criticism that, developed from youth, remains in the texts of maturity. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article intends to study the concepts of forgetting and remembering in Kafka’s literature, based on Walter Benjamin’s interpretation. In addition to the well-known essay “Franz Kafka: on the tenth anniversary of his death”, other lesser-known essays by Benjamin on Kafka will also be covered, such as “Knight moral” and “Franz Kafka: On the construction of the Chinese wall”. The aim of the article is not only to expose Benjamin’s interpretation of Kafka, but also to show the extent to (...) which Kafka’s work illuminates central points of Benjamin’s thought, especially with regard to the categories of forgetfulness, remembrance, negativity and criticism of notion of progress. (shrink)

O presente texto procura identificar alguns padrões da leitura benjaminiana de Baudelaire e Hölderlin. Em ambos os poetas, Benjamin ressalta um mesmo tema: a crise da poesia lírica em tempos modernos de industrialização. Baudelaire e Hölderlin, segundo Benjamin, procuram transpor a forma poética lírica em uma poesia prosaica, mais afeita ao homem moderno citadino e industrial, marcado pelo embotamento da percepção por meio do trabalho da consciência e da memória voluntária. Somente o recurso à poesia prosaica e alegórica é capaz (...) de falar ao homem das grandes cidades. Num segundo momento, o texto procura trazer à tona alguns paralelos dessa interpretação com o teatro épico de Brecht. Aponta-se para a possibilidade de identificação do gênero da poesia prosaica com o gênero épico, no sentido de que este último visa igualmente a uma crítica da obra de arte como bela aparência. (shrink)

RESUMO: Partindo de uma leitura da peça Um inimigo do povo, de Ibsen, o presente texto procurará definir o livre-pensador como aquele que se opõe ao pensamento ou aos pensamentos dominantes, ousando pensar por si próprio. Ao fazê-lo, o livre-pensador se sacrifica, cometendo uma espécie de suicídio, proveniente de seu amor incondicional pela sua comunidade. A partir da definição de Ibsen, o artigo procurará alguns exemplos na história do pensamento que a corroborem, como Sócrates, Galileu e Espinosa. No caso da (...) arte, o texto tecerá algumas considerações acerca da transposição dessa condição do livre-pensador para o teatro, como acontece com o Galileu, de Brecht, e A morte de Empédocles, de Hölderlin. Ao final do texto, pretende-se mostrar que também Nietzsche possui uma concepção a respeito do livre-pensador, o qual deve se tornar atemporal e póstumo. ABSTRACT: Starting from a reading of Ibsen's An Enemy of the People, the present text will seek to define the free thinker as one who opposes the dominant thinking or thoughts, daring to think for himself. In doing so, the free thinker sacrifices himself, committing a kind of suicide out of his unconditional love for his community. Based on Ibsen's definition, the article seeks examples in the history of thought that corroborate this idea, as in the cases of Socrates, Galileo and Spinoza. The text will make some considerations about the transposition of this condition of the freethinker to the theater, as in Brecht's Galileo and Hölderlin's The Death of Empedocles. At the end of the article, we pretend to show that Nietzsche also had a conception of the free thinker as one who must become timeless and posthumous. (shrink)

Neste artigo, discutimos a trajetória política e intelectual de Monique Wittig. O objetivo é compreender as proposições dessa importante autora e ativista lésbica em seu contexto de produção. A partir do campo da história intelectual, discorremos sobre suas redes de sociabilidade e filiações teórico-políticas. Além de abordar suas elaborações sofisticadas sobre a noção de “lésbica”, a heterossexualidade como regime político e o conceito de pensamento straight, criticamos a ausência de uma perspectiva interseccional na obra de Wittig. Entendemos que trabalhos como (...) o nosso, que valorizam as memórias lésbicas, contribuem para o campo das lesbianidades, tanto na teoria como na prática.Palavras-chave: Monique Wittig. Pensamento straight. Teoria lésbica. História intelectual. AbstractIn this article we discuss Monique Wittig's political and intellectual trajectory. The objective is to understand the propositions of this important author and lesbian activist in her context of production. Based on the field of intellectual history, we analyze her networks of sociability and theoretical-political affiliations. We address her sophisticated elaborations on the notion of “lesbian”, heterosexuality as a political regime and the concept of the straight mind. Additionally, we criticize the absence of an intersectional perspective in Wittig’s work. We understand that works like ours, which value lesbian memories, contribute to the field of lesbianities, both in theory and in practice.Keywords: Monique Wittig. Straight mind. Lesbian theory. Intellectual history. (shrink)

For some time we have seen a shift away from direct marketing, a core feature and dominant exchange form in the alternative food world, towards a greater role for intermediation. Yet, we still need to better understand to what extent and in what ways new mediated Alternative Food Networks represent an evolution of or departure from core tenets of alternative food systems. This paper focuses on AFNs with new intermediaries that connect small-scale producers with urban end-consumers. Based on original research (...) in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Calgary, we analyze three different types of mediated AFNs: one driven by consumers, one by an external intermediary, and one by producers. Our cases include non-capitalist, capitalist, and alternative capitalist economic practices as identified by Gibson-Graham. Conceptually, we base our analysis on the three-pillar-model of alternative agri-food systems, which we further refine. Besides comparing our cases with each other, for heuristic purposes we also compare them with an ideal-type model that adheres to core tenets of alterity in all three pillars. Our empirical analysis shows that intermediary organizations can bring important benefits and that mediated AFNs are in principle able to hold true to the core tenets of alternative agri-food systems. However, it is very important to develop models of democratic control and ownership as well as economic arrangements in which created value is fairly shared. Only then can the potentials of new mediated models be realized while the pitfalls of the conventional systems they seek to replace be avoided. (shrink)

Se é o transcorrer do tempo que nos permite medir a justa grandeza dos homens, quando o génio se eleva as alturas demiúrgicas de modelar uma civilização, a sua grandeza só pode avaliar-se na larga perspectiva da História. É este o caso de Agostinho. Sendo o mats profundo e duradoiro influenciador da nossa cultura, dezasseis séculos o restituem vivo e presente à nossa admiração como Doutor do Ocidente.

The prevalence and negative impact of brain disorders are increasing. Clinical Neuropsychology is a specialty dedicated to understanding brain-behavior relationships, applying such knowledge to the assessment of cognitive, affective, and behavioral functioning associated with brain disorders, and designing and implementing effective treatments. The need for services goes beyond neurological diseases and has increased in areas of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, among others. In Europe, a great deal of variability exists in the education and training of Clinical Neuropsychologists. Training models include (...) master’s programs, continuing education courses, doctoral programs, and/or post-doctoral specialization depending on the country, with no common framework of requirements, although patients’ needs demand equal competencies across Europe. In the past five years, the Standing Committee on Clinical Neuropsychology of the European Federation of Psychologists’ Association has conducted a series of surveys and interviews with experts in the field representing 30 European countries. The information, along with information from the existing literature, is used in presenting an overview of current and relevant topics related to policy and guidelines in the training and competencies in Clinical Neuropsychology. An option for the way forward is the EuroPsy Specialist Certificate which is currently offered in Work- and Organizational psychology and Psychotherapy. It builds upon the Basic Certificate and complements national standards without overriding them. General principles can be found that can set the basis for a common, solid, and comprehensive specialty education/training, sharpening the Neuropsychologists’ competencies across Europe. The requirements in Clinical Neuropsychology should be comparable to those for the existing specialty areas in the EuroPsy model. Despite the perceived challenges, developing a Specialist Certificate appears a step forward for the development of Clinical Neuropsychology. Recommendations are proposed towards a shared framework of competencies by the means of a common level of education/training for the professionals in Europe. Benchmarking training standards and competencies across Europe has the potential of providing protection against unqualified and ethically questionable practice, creating transparency, raising the general European standard, and promoting mobility of both Clinical Neuropsychologists and patients in Europe, for the benefit of the professional field and the population. (shrink)

The formation of the human being is a fundamental subject in Saint Augustine’s thinking. In his first works references to liberal arts are highlighted, and the dialogue form appears as a privileged vehicle of the educative process. In De Ordine, Saint Augustine represents a clear example of the interest and the appropriation of dialogue as a philosophical exercise, which has the double purpose of taking his listeners to the truth and to introduce the reader to the same dynamic.

Throughout the history of Christianity, innumerable men and women have consecrated their lives to God in an exclusive and radical way, reproducing in their own lives the very life of Christ. With this, we are going to identify the presence, the fundament and the characteristics of the state of virginal life consecration within the early Church. We will also analyze its contribution and importance within the ecclesial and social spheres of that time. The witness of this form of life calls (...) the attention of the Church and the world to the dignity of human person and of love. It reminds us of its superiority in relation to other creatures and invites us to look towards future realities, where we find our final goal as Christian and human existence. (shrink)

Organizational sensegiving is a framework that details influencing others in an organization’s process of making meaning of new information. In this study, we examined sensegiving through performance-based funding (PBF) discourse of state actors to Ohio citizens. Utilizing critical discourse analysis, 14 media releases were analyzed, focusing on linguistic construction to examine discursive strategies used by public institution presidents and politicians implementing PBF. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring how state actors are sensegivers to citizens, stating their responses (...) to implementing PBF. We found two contrasting narratives, the crisis, and collective good narrative, at the core of sensegiving PBF. (shrink)

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and sufficient properties that its substrate must satisfy (postulates), and expresses them in mathematical terms. In principle, the postulates can be applied to any system of units in a state to determine whether it is conscious, to what degree, and in what way. IIT offers a parsimonious explanation of (...) empirical evidence, makes testable predictions, and permits inferences and extrapolations. IIT 4.0 incorporates several developments of the past ten years, including a more accurate translation of axioms into postulates and mathematical expressions, the introduction of a unique measure of intrinsic information that is consistent with the postulates, and an explicit assessment of causal relations. By fully unfolding a system's irreducible cause-effect power, the distinctions and relations specified by a substrate can account for the quality of experience. (shrink)

There is an important part in Schopenhauer's bibliography dedicated to reflections on a good life. Between 1826 and 1829, the German philosopher started to think about a eudemonology, an unfinished project, which relied on the rescue of the thought of ancient philosophers. In his discussions there is a great appreciation for Stoic thinking in order to produce a life as little unhappy as possible. Therefore, it seems relevant to revisit Schopenhauer's ideas and compare them with Seneca, who focused on the (...) same topics: the appropriation of the concepts of praecepta and decreta and their connection with happiness. (shrink)